PREDOMINANCE OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT SALMONELLA TYPHI GENOTYPE 4.3.1 WITH LOW-LEVEL CIPROFLOXACIN RESISTANCE IN ZANZIBAR.

Predominance of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi genotype 4.3.1 with low-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Zanzibar.

BackgroundTyphoid fever is a common cause of febrile illness in low- and middle-income countries.While multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhi (S.Typhi) has spread globally, fluoroquinolone resistance has mainly affected Asia.MethodsConsecutively, 1038 blood cultures were obtained from patients of all age groups with fever and/or suspicion of se

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Margins of Allegiance and Revolt: Relations between Kurdish Tribes and the State from the Late Ottoman Period to the Early Modern Republic

The political and social interaction between the Ottoman Empire and Kurdish tribes, which can be traced back to the first quarter of the 16th century, continued until the modern republic with various continuities and ruptures.This multi-dimensional and complex relationship was neither in the form of absolute loyalty to the sultan, and thus to the I

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